Generally, we must include a complete and comprehensive mud plan in the well-planning process. History has proven that an incomplete mud plan will cost the operator many hours of rig time (also check oil well drilling well cost per foot) and may mean the difference between a productive and a nonproductive well. Here, we shall …
Introduction To Mud Contamination By CO2 Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a common constituent of natural gases and is present in most types of formation fluids. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water, forming carbonic acid that lowers the pH. This lowers the alkalinity of water based muds changing hydroxyl ions (OH–) to bicarbonates (HCO3–) and carbonates (CO3-2) …
When weighted muds are used in highly deviated wells, there is the tendency for barite to settle towards the low side of the hole, creating a stratification of lighter mud on top and heavier mud on the bottom. The heavier layer then begins to migrate downwards along the length of the hole due to the …
Usually, Mud Engineers design drilling mud to be able to carry out mud basic functions. Thus, As the concentration of Cement contamination increases in a drilling mud system, there will be a detrimental effect on its performance. In general, we can define the contaminant as any material that causes undesirable changes in drilling fluid rheology …
Calcium sulfate occurs in nature as Gypsum (CaSO4 l H2O) or Anhydrite (CaSO4 ). It is found in thick sections, stringers, in make-up water, embedded in silts as in evaporite formations and sometimes in the caprock of a salt dome. Causes of Anhydrite/Gypsum Contamination Calcium sulfate causes aggregation and flocculation of a fresh water mud, …